A Timeline of Prominent Literary Circles

From Pak Tea House to The Algonquin Hotel, let’s look at the groups that changed literary history

By Haniya Khalid | September 23, 2023

Have you ever wanted to sip a cool, clear martini with Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton at the Ritz-Carlton in downtown Boston? Do you picture yourself debating gender fluidity with Saadat Hasan Manto and Ismat Chughtai at Pak Tea House? Do you want to lounge on a grassy lawn with Virginia Woolf, wearing your best cream-colored knit and humoring multiple potential lovers, preferably at once?

A benefit to being alive right now is the ability to look back at these fascinating literary figures, together, in varying configurations. I invite you to spend a few minutes of your day in a state of pleasant longing.

Use your imagination to throw the wildest dinner party of your dreams. Virginia is coming, so be thoughtful in your flower selection. Plan the menu. Do you want to pair clam chowder with Lucknowi kebab? It’s a little weird, but I say go for it. Consider serving a non-alcoholic aperitif, for Manto’s sake. Seat the revolutionary-minded Indo-Paks a safe distance away from the Allahakbarries, just in case.

Hemingway is not invited, for once. We’ve seen Midnight in Paris too many times, and frankly, he sounds a bit exhausting. Are you as relieved as I am? After a quick consideration, I added Zelda back to the guest list because she’s an absolute laugh and I want to see her outfit. She’s bringing the party favors… no, I didn’t ask. Where’s the fun in that?

The night will be magical and dreamy — with potentially volatile outcomes. Hey, I don’t make the rules. It’s your imagination, and if you insist on inviting Olivia Rodrigo and serving hot honey wings, who am I to stop you? If you ask me, she’d fit right in.

Ghost Story Writing Weekend Crew

“The beginning is always today.” – Mary Shelley

Where: Lake Geneva, Switzerland

Period:
1816

Purpose / Movement:
Social gathering

Meeting point: Villa Dioati, Switzerland

Key members: Mary Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Polidori, Lord Byron, Claire Clairmont

Half-Light recommended reading: ‘Frankenstein’ Was Born During a Ghastly Vacation by Erin Blakemore, History, 2019

Bloomsbury Group

“When the shriveled skin of the ordinary is stuffed out with meaning, it satisfies the senses amazingly.” – Virginia Woolf

Where: London, United Kingdom

Period:
Early 20th century

Purpose / Movement: 
Discussions around aesthetic, philosophy, politics, psychology, & art. Partial to left-liberalism, women’s rights, post-impressionism & modernism

Meeting point: 46 Gordon Square (Vanessa / Virginia’s home), Charleston farmhouse & several other houses in London. Origins at Cambridge University

Key members: Clive Bell, Vanessa Bell, E. M. Forster, Roger Fry, Duncan Grant, John Maynard Keynes, Desmond MacCarthy, Lytton Strachey, Leonard Woolf, Virginia Woolf & more

Half-Light recommended reading: The Bloomsbury Group Is Back in Vogue by Rebecca Mead, The New Yorker, 2023

Algonquin Round Table

“That would be a good thing for them to cut on my tombstone: Wherever she went, including here, it was against her better judgment.” –  Dorothy Parker

Where: New York City, United States

Period:
1919-1929

Purpose / Movement:
Lunch group – pranks, satire, witticisms

Meeting point: The Algonquin Hotel, New York City

Key members: Franklin Pierce Adams, Robert Benchley, Heywood Broun, Marc Connelly, Ruth Hale, George S. Kaufman, Dorothy Parker, Brock Pemberton, Murdock Pemberton, Harold Ross, Robert E. Sherwood, John Peter Toohey, Alexander Woollcott & more

Half-Light recommended reading: The Vicious Fun of America’s Most Famous Literary Circle by Jennifer Ratner-Rosenhagen, New York Times, 2019

Stradford-on-Odeon

“Action is character.” –  F. Scott Fitzgerald

Where: Paris, France

Period: 1920s

Purpose / Movement: Literary conversations, social exchange, and work space

Meeting point: Bookstores in Paris’s Left Bank (La Maison des Amis des Livres, Shakespeare and Company)

Key members: Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein and F. Scott Fitzgerald

South Side Writers Group

“The impulse to dream was slowly beaten out of me by experience. Now it surged up again and I hungered for books, new ways of looking and seeing.” – Richard Wright

Where: Chicago, United States

Period: 1930s

Purpose / Movement: New realism, social realism, Marxism

Meeting point: Abraham Lincoln Center, Chicago

Key members: Richard Wright, Arna Bontemps, Margaret Walker, Fenton Johnson, Theodore Ward, Garfield Gordon, Frank Marshall Davis, Julius Weil, Dorothy Sutton, Marian Minus, Russell Marshall, Robert Davis, Marion Perkins, Arthur Bland, Fern Gayden, Alberta Sims

Half-Light recommended reading: Chicago Black Renaissance by Darlene Clark Hine, Encyclopedia of Chicago

Progressive Writers’ Movement

“I’ve always been focused on today. Yesterday and tomorrow hold no interest for me. What had to happen, did, and what will happen, will.” – Saadat Hasan Manto

Members of organizations under the umbrella of the Progressive Writers’ Movement include:

  • Syed Sajjad Zahir Ahmed Ali
  • Syed Fakhruddin Balley
  • Hameed Akhtar
  • Faiz Ahmad Faiz
  • Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi
  • Saadat Hasan Manto
  • Ismat Chughtai
  • Sibt-e-Hasan
  • Habib Jalib
  • Ahmed Faraz
  • Ali Sardar JafriAhmed Nadeem Qasmi
  • Sahir Ludhianvi

Half-Light recommended reading:

History: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Writers’ Movement by Misha Zafar, Dawn, 2023

Lahore’s Literary Landscape published by LUMS

All India Progressive Writers’ Association

  • Set up in London in 1936
  • Purpose – anti-imperialist, left-liberal writing group dedicated to discussing equality in their writing
  • Meeting point – Rifa-e-Aam Club in Lucknow

Progressive Writers’ Association

  • Set up in Kolkata in 1939
  • Purpose – challenge social injustice through pragmatism, Marxism, and western influence on modernist literature

All Pakistan Progressive Writers’ Association

  • Set up in Lahore in 1947
  • Purpose – see above & recommended reading

February House

“The center that I cannot find is known to my unconscious mind.” – W.H. Auden 

Where: New York City, United States

Period: 1940s

Purpose / Movement: Salon / shared living space for artists & writers

Meeting point: 7 Middagh Street in Brooklyn Heights (rented brownstone)

Key members: George Davis, W.H. Auden, Carson McCullers, Benjamin Britten, Paul Bowles, Gypsy Rose Lee. Guests included Salvador Dali and Anais Nin

Half-Light recommended reading: February House: The Story of W. H. Auden, Carson McCullers, Jane and Paul Bowles, Benjamin Britten, and Gypsy Rose Lee, Under One Roof in Brooklyn by Sherill Tippins

Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq

“Let us see if they can ever extinguish the moon.” – Faiz Ahmed Faiz

Where: Pakistan. Founded in Lahore, British Punjab

Period: 1940s

Purpose / Movement: Modernist listerature, with a focus on prose and poetry. Started off non-political, evolved later to include political discussions

Key members: Meeraji, Tabish Siddiqui, Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi, Noon Meem Rashid, Qayyum Nazar, Rajinder Singh Bedi, among others. Later members included Krishan Chander, Rajinder Singh Bedi, and Faiz Ahmad Faiz

Half-Light recommended reading: Lahore’s Literary Landscape: Halqa Arbab-e-Zouq

The Inklings

“You can never get a cup of tea large enough or a book long enough to suit me.” – CS Lewis

Where: Oxford, United Kingdom

Period: 1930s – 1940s

Purpose / Movement: Discussions around fiction, fantasy, narrative writing

Meeting point: The Eagle and Child pub in Oxford

Key members: Owen Barfield, Jack A. W. Bennett, Lord David Cecil, Nevill Coghill, Hugo Dyson, Adam Fox, Robert Havard, C. S. Lewis, Warren Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien, Charles Williams

Martini’s at the Ritz Carlton

“How frail the human heart must be – a mirrored pool of thought.” – Sylvia Plath

Where: Boston, United States

Period:~1959/ 1960

Purpose / Movement:Discussions around poetry & death (presumably)

Meeting point: Ritz Carlton, Boston

Key members: Anne Sexton, Sylvia Plath, Robert Lowell

Recommended reading: Three-Martini Afternoons at the Ritz: The Rebellion of Sylvia Plath & Anne Sexton by Gail Crowther

Literary Brat Pack

“The books I loved in childhood – the first loves – I’ve read so often that I’ve internalized them in some really essential way: they are more inside me now than out.”
– Donna Tartt

Where: United States

Period: 1980s

Purpose / Movement: Linked by friendship / association

Meeting point: Unofficially formed in Bennington College, Vermont

Key members: Donna Tartt, Bret Easton Ellis, Tama Janowitz, Jay McInerney, and Mark Lindquist. Also included Susan Minot, Peter Farrelly and David Leavitt

Half-Light recommended reading: Sex, Drugs, and Bestsellers: The Legend of the Literary Brat Pack by Jason Diamond, Harper’s Bazaar, 2016

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