A Timeline of Prominent Literary Circles
From Pak Tea House to The Algonquin Hotel, let’s look at the groups that changed literary history
By Haniya Khalid | September 23, 2023
Have you ever wanted to sip a cool, clear martini with Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton at the Ritz-Carlton in downtown Boston? Do you picture yourself debating gender fluidity with Saadat Hasan Manto and Ismat Chughtai at Pak Tea House? Do you want to lounge on a grassy lawn with Virginia Woolf, wearing your best cream-colored knit and humoring multiple potential lovers, preferably at once?
A benefit to being alive right now is the ability to look back at these fascinating literary figures, together, in varying configurations. I invite you to spend a few minutes of your day in a state of pleasant longing.
Use your imagination to throw the wildest dinner party of your dreams. Virginia is coming, so be thoughtful in your flower selection. Plan the menu. Do you want to pair clam chowder with Lucknowi kebab? It’s a little weird, but I say go for it. Consider serving a non-alcoholic aperitif, for Manto’s sake. Seat the revolutionary-minded Indo-Paks a safe distance away from the Allahakbarries, just in case.
Hemingway is not invited, for once. We’ve seen Midnight in Paris too many times, and frankly, he sounds a bit exhausting. Are you as relieved as I am? After a quick consideration, I added Zelda back to the guest list because she’s an absolute laugh and I want to see her outfit. She’s bringing the party favors… no, I didn’t ask. Where’s the fun in that?
The night will be magical and dreamy — with potentially volatile outcomes. Hey, I don’t make the rules. It’s your imagination, and if you insist on inviting Olivia Rodrigo and serving hot honey wings, who am I to stop you? If you ask me, she’d fit right in.
Ghost Story Writing Weekend Crew
“The beginning is always today.” – Mary Shelley
Where: Lake Geneva, Switzerland
Period: 1816
Purpose / Movement: Social gathering
Meeting point: Villa Dioati, Switzerland
Key members: Mary Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Polidori, Lord Byron, Claire Clairmont
Half-Light recommended reading: ‘Frankenstein’ Was Born During a Ghastly Vacation by Erin Blakemore, History, 2019
Bloomsbury Group
“When the shriveled skin of the ordinary is stuffed out with meaning, it satisfies the senses amazingly.” – Virginia Woolf
Where: London, United Kingdom
Period: Early 20th century
Purpose / Movement: Discussions around aesthetic, philosophy, politics, psychology, & art. Partial to left-liberalism, women’s rights, post-impressionism & modernism
Meeting point: 46 Gordon Square (Vanessa / Virginia’s home), Charleston farmhouse & several other houses in London. Origins at Cambridge University
Key members: Clive Bell, Vanessa Bell, E. M. Forster, Roger Fry, Duncan Grant, John Maynard Keynes, Desmond MacCarthy, Lytton Strachey, Leonard Woolf, Virginia Woolf & more
Half-Light recommended reading: The Bloomsbury Group Is Back in Vogue by Rebecca Mead, The New Yorker, 2023
Algonquin Round Table
“That would be a good thing for them to cut on my tombstone: Wherever she went, including here, it was against her better judgment.” – Dorothy Parker
Where: New York City, United States
Period: 1919-1929
Purpose / Movement: Lunch group – pranks, satire, witticisms
Meeting point: The Algonquin Hotel, New York City
Key members: Franklin Pierce Adams, Robert Benchley, Heywood Broun, Marc Connelly, Ruth Hale, George S. Kaufman, Dorothy Parker, Brock Pemberton, Murdock Pemberton, Harold Ross, Robert E. Sherwood, John Peter Toohey, Alexander Woollcott & more
Half-Light recommended reading: The Vicious Fun of America’s Most Famous Literary Circle by Jennifer Ratner-Rosenhagen, New York Times, 2019
Stradford-on-Odeon
“Action is character.” – F. Scott Fitzgerald
Where: Paris, France
Period: 1920s
Purpose / Movement: Literary conversations, social exchange, and work space
Meeting point: Bookstores in Paris’s Left Bank (La Maison des Amis des Livres, Shakespeare and Company)
Key members: Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein and F. Scott Fitzgerald
South Side Writers Group
“The impulse to dream was slowly beaten out of me by experience. Now it surged up again and I hungered for books, new ways of looking and seeing.” – Richard Wright
Where: Chicago, United States
Period: 1930s
Purpose / Movement: New realism, social realism, Marxism
Meeting point: Abraham Lincoln Center, Chicago
Key members: Richard Wright, Arna Bontemps, Margaret Walker, Fenton Johnson, Theodore Ward, Garfield Gordon, Frank Marshall Davis, Julius Weil, Dorothy Sutton, Marian Minus, Russell Marshall, Robert Davis, Marion Perkins, Arthur Bland, Fern Gayden, Alberta Sims
Half-Light recommended reading: Chicago Black Renaissance by Darlene Clark Hine, Encyclopedia of Chicago
Progressive Writers’ Movement
“I’ve always been focused on today. Yesterday and tomorrow hold no interest for me. What had to happen, did, and what will happen, will.” – Saadat Hasan Manto
Members of organizations under the umbrella of the Progressive Writers’ Movement include:
- Syed Sajjad Zahir Ahmed Ali
- Syed Fakhruddin Balley
- Hameed Akhtar
- Faiz Ahmad Faiz
- Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi
- Saadat Hasan Manto
- Ismat Chughtai
- Sibt-e-Hasan
- Habib Jalib
- Ahmed Faraz
- Ali Sardar JafriAhmed Nadeem Qasmi
- Sahir Ludhianvi
Half-Light recommended reading:
History: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Writers’ Movement by Misha Zafar, Dawn, 2023
Lahore’s Literary Landscape published by LUMS
All India Progressive Writers’ Association
- Set up in London in 1936
- Purpose – anti-imperialist, left-liberal writing group dedicated to discussing equality in their writing
- Meeting point – Rifa-e-Aam Club in Lucknow
Progressive Writers’ Association
- Set up in Kolkata in 1939
- Purpose – challenge social injustice through pragmatism, Marxism, and western influence on modernist literature
All Pakistan Progressive Writers’ Association
- Set up in Lahore in 1947
- Purpose – see above & recommended reading
February House
“The center that I cannot find is known to my unconscious mind.” – W.H. Auden
Where: New York City, United States
Period: 1940s
Purpose / Movement: Salon / shared living space for artists & writers
Meeting point: 7 Middagh Street in Brooklyn Heights (rented brownstone)
Key members: George Davis, W.H. Auden, Carson McCullers, Benjamin Britten, Paul Bowles, Gypsy Rose Lee. Guests included Salvador Dali and Anais Nin
Half-Light recommended reading: February House: The Story of W. H. Auden, Carson McCullers, Jane and Paul Bowles, Benjamin Britten, and Gypsy Rose Lee, Under One Roof in Brooklyn by Sherill Tippins
Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq
“Let us see if they can ever extinguish the moon.” – Faiz Ahmed Faiz
Where: Pakistan. Founded in Lahore, British Punjab
Period: 1940s
Purpose / Movement: Modernist listerature, with a focus on prose and poetry. Started off non-political, evolved later to include political discussions
Key members: Meeraji, Tabish Siddiqui, Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi, Noon Meem Rashid, Qayyum Nazar, Rajinder Singh Bedi, among others. Later members included Krishan Chander, Rajinder Singh Bedi, and Faiz Ahmad Faiz
Half-Light recommended reading: Lahore’s Literary Landscape: Halqa Arbab-e-Zouq
The Inklings
“You can never get a cup of tea large enough or a book long enough to suit me.” – CS Lewis
Where: Oxford, United Kingdom
Period: 1930s – 1940s
Purpose / Movement: Discussions around fiction, fantasy, narrative writing
Meeting point: The Eagle and Child pub in Oxford
Key members: Owen Barfield, Jack A. W. Bennett, Lord David Cecil, Nevill Coghill, Hugo Dyson, Adam Fox, Robert Havard, C. S. Lewis, Warren Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien, Charles Williams
Martini’s at the Ritz Carlton
“How frail the human heart must be – a mirrored pool of thought.” – Sylvia Plath
Where: Boston, United States
Period:~1959/ 1960
Purpose / Movement:Discussions around poetry & death (presumably)
Meeting point: Ritz Carlton, Boston
Key members: Anne Sexton, Sylvia Plath, Robert Lowell
Recommended reading: Three-Martini Afternoons at the Ritz: The Rebellion of Sylvia Plath & Anne Sexton by Gail Crowther
Literary Brat Pack
“The books I loved in childhood – the first loves – I’ve read so often that I’ve internalized them in some really essential way: they are more inside me now than out.”
– Donna Tartt
Where: United States
Period: 1980s
Purpose / Movement: Linked by friendship / association
Meeting point: Unofficially formed in Bennington College, Vermont
Key members: Donna Tartt, Bret Easton Ellis, Tama Janowitz, Jay McInerney, and Mark Lindquist. Also included Susan Minot, Peter Farrelly and David Leavitt
Half-Light recommended reading: Sex, Drugs, and Bestsellers: The Legend of the Literary Brat Pack by Jason Diamond, Harper’s Bazaar, 2016
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